demand for a healthy life style for which functional food fortified with the plant ingredients plays important role. Flavoured milk is becoming an integral part of market milk industry because it has good consumer acceptance as a refreshing and nourishing milk beverage. The present study was undertaken to develop the functional product herbal milk aim to incorporate Nigella sativa and Terminalia chebula these herbs in milk as a supplementary and to study the efficient combination to increase the acceptability of the milk and also study its microbiological and antioxidant properties. In the microbial aspect, all the samples have a normal microbial count (SPC), within the standard acceptable level of coliforms count and yeast and moulds. The standard plate count (cfu/ ml) of herbal immunobooster milk samples were 4.78 × 10-6, 3.67×10-6, 3.52 ×10-6 and 3.63×10-6 for control treatments T1, T2, and T3. Coliform count (cfu/ml) of immunobooster milk samples were 2.37×10-1, 2.50×10-1, 1.67×10-1, and 2.37×10-1 and yeast and mould count (cfu/ml) of herbal immunobooster milk samples were 3.6×10-1, 2.5×10-1, 2.0×10-1, and 2.3×10-1 for control and treatments. The results of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of herbal immunobooster milk samples were IC50 values of TC, T1, T2, T3 and L-ascorbic acid were found 82.7, 71.8, 42.3, 44.4, and 39.4 mg/ml. The data with respect to ABTS?+ free radical scavenging activity of herbal immunobooster milk samples were IC50 values of TC, T1, T2 and T3 and Buttylated Hydroxyl Toluene (BHT) were found 85.8, 58.6, 46.8, 57.5, and 40.5 mg/ml and the positive standard (BHT) analysis of data revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) between control and a treatment indicating the addition of herbal powder, jaggery and palm sugar at different level produces significant. Therefore, enrichment of herbal milk recipes may be considered for optimization and development towards producing new functional herbal milk may be recommended for its health beneficial effects like antioxidants agents.

Long-duration human missions beyond low Earth orbit expose astronauts to two major physiological stressors: microgravity and cosmic radiation. Individually, each contributes to progressive deterioration of bone and skeletal muscle, but their combined influence remains poorly quantified. This study develops a multiscale simulation framework to model how radiation-induced cellular injury and microgravity-driven mechanical unloading jointly accelerate musculoskeletal decline. Radiation transport calculations were integrated with cellular damage kinetics, bone remodeling equations, and muscle atrophy dynamics to generate time-dependent predictions of tissue degeneration. Functional outcomes such as bone mineral density, trabecular integrity, muscle force capacity, and fracture risk were evaluated across mission scenarios, including low Earth orbit, lunar, and Mars profiles. The results indicate that cosmic radiation amplifies microgravity-induced bone resorption, impairs muscle regenerative potential, and increases the rate of structural and mechanical deterioration beyond levels expected from unloading alone. Mars mission conditions produced the most severe outcomes, with substantial reductions in bone and muscle integrity and a marked increase in fracture susceptibility. Simulated countermeasures provided partial protection but did not fully prevent combined physiological decline. These findings underscore the need for integrated, multimodal strategies to maintain musculoskeletal health during future deep-space missions and highlight the value of computational modeling for mission planning and countermeasure design.

Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder characterized by inflammation, bacterial colonization, and excess sebum production, often accompanied by post-acne complications such as scarring, hyperpigmentation, and heightened sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Conventional acne therapies frequently present limitations, including adverse effects, skin irritation, and antimicrobial resistance. The increasing interest in herbal-based formulations stems from their favorable safety profiles, multi-targeted actions, and consumer preference for natural therapies. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the potential of multifunctional herbal gel formulations designed for acne control, scar reduction, depigmentation, and UV protection. The review summarizes the strategic formulation of such gels incorporating key herbal actives, including Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Centella asiatica, Camellia sinensis, Punica granatum, Nigella sativa, and Phyllanthus emblica. These ingredients were selected for their complementary pharmacological actions antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, melanogenesis-inhibitory, and photoprotective properties providing a synergistic therapeutic effect in topical applications. Evidence from preclinical studies and selected clinical trials supports the efficacy of these herbal actives in reducing acne lesions, accelerating wound healing, diminishing pigmentation, and offering protection against UV-induced skin damage. Clinical trials on individual components such as tea tree oil, Centella asiatica, and licorice extract have demonstrated significant improvements in acne severity, scar reduction, and hyperpigmentation, respectively, with minimal adverse effects. Overall, this review highlights the potential of developing multifunctional herbal gel formulations as a safe and effective alternative or adjunct to conventional acne therapies. Future recommendations emphasize the need for more robust, large-scale clinical trials to validate the combined efficacy of these herbal ingredients in optimized gel formulations, supporting their integration into mainstream dermatological care.

Background: Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) form the backbone of modern quality management systems in regulated manufacturing industries. With increasing regulatory requirements, globalization of supply chains, and advancement of production technologies, the role of QC and QA has expanded from traditional inspection-based approaches to comprehensive, risk-based, and digital quality frameworks. Objective: This review aims to critically evaluate the roles of quality control techniques and quality assurance practices in achieving effective, reliable, and regulatory-compliant production. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, along with regulatory guidelines issued by WHO, FDA, ICH, and ISO. Relevant peer-reviewed articles, review papers, and official regulatory documents published between 1990 and 2025 were analyzed. Results: The review highlights the historical evolution of quality management systems, conceptual differences between QC and QA, core analytical and statistical quality control techniques, and key quality assurance functions including validation, documentation, training, audits, and CAPA. The integration of QC and QA through Quality by Design (QbD), Process Analytical Technology (PAT), and digital quality systems is discussed as a key factor for achieving consistent product quality. Major challenges such as regulatory complexity, cost burden, data integrity issues, and human resource limitations are also addressed. Conclusion: Effective integration of QC and QA is essential for sustainable, efficient, and regulatory-compliant production. Future quality systems will increasingly rely on automation, real-time monitoring, artificial intelligence, and continuous manufacturing to enhance product reliability and regulatory confidence.

Antimicrobial resistance presents an urgent global threat, prompting the search for therapeutic agents with mechanisms distinct from conventional antibiotics. Metal complexes have emerged as promising candidates due to their rich structural diversity, tunable redox properties, and ability to interact with bacterial targets through pathways inaccessible to organic molecules. This review highlights the principles guiding the rational design of metal-based antimicrobials, emphasizing target-specific strategies involving DNA gyrase, metalloenzymes, membrane functions, and efflux systems. Key molecular features such as ligand denticity, redox activity, and coordination geometry are explored in relation to antimicrobial potency and selectivity. Pharmacokinetic considerations, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are discussed alongside toxicity challenges and stability requirements. Preclinical evaluation methods encompassing physicochemical characterization, mechanistic assays, cytotoxicity testing, and in vivo infection models are summarized to outline a comprehensive discovery pipeline. Recent advances in computational approaches—including AI-guided stability prediction, molecular dynamics simulations, quantum chemical calculations, and machine learning-based activity forecasting—are shown to accelerate metal complex optimization. Remaining challenges such as host toxicity, resistance potential, and the need for standardized evaluation protocols are addressed, along with future opportunities in personalized metal-based therapy and AI-driven molecular design. Together, these insights underscore the potential of metal complexes to contribute meaningfully to next-generation antimicrobial drug development.

The development of synthetic nanocarriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, has revolutionized pharmacokinetics; however, their clinical utility is frequently circumscribed by limitations regarding immunogenicity, cytotoxicity, and rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). In this context, exosomes—nanosized extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) involved in intercellular communication—have emerged as a paradigm-shifting alternative for precision medicine. As endogenous transporters, exosomes exhibit superior biocompatibility, inherent low immunogenicity, and a unique capacity to traverse physiological obstacles, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the transition from synthetic to biological delivery systems, detailing the fundamental biogenesis and molecular composition that confer exosomes their "stealth" properties. We critically evaluate current methodologies for cargo loading, comparing the efficiency and membrane integrity of endogenous loading (transfection) versus exogenous techniques (electroporation, sonication). Furthermore, we explore surface engineering strategies designed to enhance tissue-specific homing, with a particular focus on therapeutic applications in oncology and neurology. Despite their transformative potential, the translation of exosome therapeutics from the bench to the bedside faces significant hurdles. We conclude by addressing the critical challenges of batch heterogeneity, large-scale production, and the establishment of standardized Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) protocols, offering a future perspective on overcoming these barriers to realize the full potential of cell-free drug delivery.

Skin infections, particularly superficial fungal disorders, represent a significant global health burden, affecting 20% to 25% of the world's population. In the pediatric demographic, factors such as high humidity, close contact in schools, and developing immunity increase susceptibility to conditions like Dadru (dermatophytosis) and Darunaka (seborrheic dermatitis). While conventional antifungals are available, concerns regarding resistance and systemic toxicity necessitate the exploration of traditional mineral-based therapies. Tankana (Borax) and Sphatika (Alum) are two pivotal minerals in Ayurvedic Rasashastra renowned for their Krimighna (antimicrobial) and Kshariya (alkaline) properties. This systemic review evaluates the pharmacological profiles, clinical efficacy, and antimicrobial rationale of these minerals in managing pediatric skin infections. Evidence suggests that their ability to modulate the cutaneous pH and reduce moisture creates a hostile environment for pathogens, offering a potent, cost-effective alternative to standard treatments.

Dosha Kshaya, a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, refers to a state of pathological depletion or diminution of the three bio-regulatory principles Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. While Ayurvedic literature provides detailed descriptions of the etiology, signs, and symptoms of these depletion states, their interpretation through the lens of modern physiology remains an area of emerging interdisciplinary research. This review article systematically synthesizes the classical Ayurvedic understanding of Dosha Kshaya and explores potential physiological correlates in contemporary science. It examines the clinical manifestations of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha Kshaya, linking them to hypotheses involving neuroendocrine imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, and homeostatic disruption. The analysis suggests that Dosha Kshaya represents complex, systemic hypo-functional states rather than simple deficiencies. A clearer understanding of these states can bridge diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms, offering a more holistic framework for managing chronic degenerative, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders characterized by systemic decline. Further empirical research is warranted to validate these correlations.

Magnetic nanoparticles have made significant strides in oncology in recent years. The intrinsic magnetic property of MNPs makes them the most promising nanomaterial to be used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and induced magnetic hyperthermia. General nanoparticles are widely used in tumor targeting. When MNPs are employed as drug delivery agents, their properties are fully utilized. By applying an external magnetic field, drugs can be directed to the precise location that is desired in vivo. Since MRI can help with early cancer diagnosis, it may be used in conjunction with customized treatment to provide the right diagnosis and course of action. A diagnosis of cancer early detection of cancer significantly increases the cure rate. Therefore, lowering the patient mortality rate requires early cancer detection and prompt diagnosis. The diagnosis of cancer and the selection of late-generation magnetomotive photoacoustic technology with cyclic magnetic motion and ultrasound speckle tracking are crucial applications of tumor imaging technology. This technology's imaging capture frame rate is several hundred times faster than that of the previously proven photoacoustic speckle tracking method. Using NIR imaging, Stone et al. showed a magnetic NP system that could be used to monitor the NP fate inside a biofilm diagnosis, medication delivery, and treatment has been compiled in this review. Also covered are the prospects and difficulties facing MNPs in the field of oncology in the future.

Kapha Dosha, one of the three fundamental bio-regulatory principles in Ayurveda, is primarily responsible for structure, stability, lubrication, and physiological sustenance. This review article synthesizes classical Ayurvedic literature with contemporary biomedical science to explore the hypothesis that Kapha Dosha constitutes the foundational substrate for immunomodulation, with a specific emphasis on innate immunity, mucosal defense, and immunotolerance. Classical attributes of Kapha, such as Guru (heaviness), Snigdha (unctuousness), Sheeta (coolness), and Sthira (stability), are examined for their correlates in modern immunology, including mucin production, mucosal barrier integrity, phagocytic activity, and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles. The article delineates the concept of Bala (strength and immunity) as a direct manifestation of balanced Kapha and contrasts it with the pathological states of Kaphaja disorders arising from its vitiation, which often present as conditions of hypo- or hyper-inflammatory responses. We analyze emerging research on adaptogenic herbs, dietary protocols, and lifestyle interventions traditionally used to modulate Kapha, such as the use of Rasayana (rejuvenative) therapies, and their observed effects on immune biomarkers, the gut microbiome, and inflammatory pathways. The integration of these two knowledge systems suggests that the Ayurvedic understanding of Kapha provides a holistic framework for comprehending immune resilience, one that emphasizes homeostasis, prophylactic care, and systemic strength over mere pathogen-centric responses. This review posits that a deeper interrogation of Kapha's principles could inform novel integrative strategies for managing immune dysregulation, chronic inflammatory conditions, and deficits in host defense.

Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological process involving inflammation, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Delayed or impaired healing remains a significant clinical challenge due to factors such as microbial infection, oxidative stress, and prolonged inflammation. Conventional topical antibiotics are effective in controlling infection but often lack regenerative and antioxidant support, highlighting the need for combination therapeutic approaches. This review critically examines the pharmacological and mechanistic basis of a topical formulation combining Neosporin, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) extract, and vitamin E for enhanced wound healing. Neosporin provides broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while lavender extract and vitamin E contribute anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerative effects. Experimental evidence from preclinical excision wound models demonstrates that this combination therapy significantly improves wound contraction, accelerates epithelialization,enhances collagen deposition, and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration when compared with untreated controls and single-agent therapies. Mechanistically, the synergistic action of the formulation promotes infection control, modulation of inflammatory mediators, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Histopathological observations consistently support improved tissue architecture and faster wound closure in treated groups. Overall, the reviewed evidence suggests that the combined topical use of Neosporin, lavender extract, and vitamin E represents a promising multimodal strategy for wound management. This integrative approach may offer superior therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional monotherapies and warrants further clinical evaluation for its potential application in acute and chronic wound care.

Steroid resistance undermines the therapeutic utility of glucocorticoids (GCs) across many diseases (asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, some cancers, sepsis and hematologic malignancies). One increasingly recognized mechanism is isoform switching of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR; NR3C1), where the relative complement of receptor isoforms — generated by alternative splicing, alternative translation initiation and post-translational modification — shifts in response to sustained/exogenous GC exposure and other environmental pressures. Here we synthesize molecular, cellular and clinical evidence that isoform switching (notably increased expression or activity of GR? and selected translational isoforms) contributes to loss of GC responsiveness, outline the mechanisms that drive switching (splicing factors, miRNAs, feedback via chaperones/co-chaperones and PTMs), and discuss clinical contexts, therapeutic implications and testable hypotheses. We include a literature-derived summary table and an illustrative chart of the balance of supporting studies. This review emphasizes that monitoring and therapeutically targeting GR isoform balance may reclaim steroid sensitivity in refractory patients.

Multimodal foundation models (MFMs) are rapidly emerging as a transformative paradigm in artificial intelligence–driven drug discovery. Unlike traditional machine learning systems that operate within isolated domains—such as genomics, proteomics, or cheminformatics—MFMs are pretrained on massive, heterogeneous datasets and are capable of learning transferable representations across multiple biological and chemical modalities. This integrative capability addresses a long-standing bottleneck in pharmaceutical research: the fragmentation of computational pipelines that fail to capture the complex, multi-scale nature of drug–disease interactions. Recent breakthroughs in protein structure prediction, protein language modelling, and chemical representation learning have demonstrated that large-scale pretraining enables models to infer latent biological principles directly from data. Protein foundation models trained on hundreds of millions of sequences have achieved near-experimental accuracy in structure prediction, while chemical language models pretrained on millions of molecules have shown strong generalization in molecular property prediction and de novo compound generation. Simultaneously, genomic foundation models are increasingly capable of modelling regulatory sequences, variant effects, and transcriptomic states. However, most existing approaches treat these modalities independently. This manuscript presents a comprehensive synthesis and conceptual framework for multimodal foundation models for end-to-end drug discovery, integrating genomics, proteomics, and chemical space within unified architectures. We review the evolution of foundation models across biological domains, analyze multimodal fusion strategies, and propose modular architectures capable of supporting target identification, context-aware ligand design, polypharmacology prediction, and safety assessment within a single learning system. We further discuss self-supervised pretraining objectives, cross-modal alignment techniques, benchmarking strategies, and real-world deployment challenges, including regulatory acceptance, interpretability, and data governance.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder that has emerged as a major global public health challenge due to its rising prevalence, associated complications, and economic burden. Optimal management of diabetes requires not only effective pharmacotherapy but also rational prescribing practices, patient education, lifestyle modification, and adherence to treatment regimens. Prescription pattern studies provide valuable insights into current trends in antidiabetic drug utilization, identify irrational prescribing practices, and help optimize therapeutic outcomes. In addition, pharmacist-provided education has gained increasing recognition as an essential component of diabetes care, contributing significantly to improved glycemic control, medication adherence, and patient quality of life. This review critically examines the existing literature on diabetes mellitus, antidiabetic prescribing patterns, the burden of comorbidities, polypharmacy, and the role of pharmacists in diabetes management. The review further establishes the scientific and clinical rationale for conducting a prospective interventional study evaluating prescription patterns of antidiabetic drugs and the impact of pharmacist-provided education on clinical outcomes, particularly glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The integration of prescription pattern analysis with pharmacist-led educational interventions is essential to ensure rational drug use, enhance adherence, reduce complications, and improve overall diabetes outcomes.

The RAF–MEK–ERK signaling cascade is a central regulator of cell proliferation and survival, and its aberrant activation is a hallmark of many human cancers, particularly those harboring RAS or RAF mutations. While existing MEK and RAF inhibitors have demonstrated limited clinical success, their effectiveness is often compromised by feedback reactivation and acquired resistance. Avutometinib (VS-6766), a novel dual RAF–MEK clamp inhibitor, addresses these limitations by simultaneously inhibiting MEK activity and stabilizing it in an inactive complex with RAF, thereby preventing upstream feedback signaling and achieving sustained suppression of ERK activation. This unique mechanism disrupts the compensatory signaling often observed with classical MEK inhibitors. Preclinical studies demonstrate that avutometinib more effectively inhibits ERK phosphorylation, induces G1 arrest, and suppresses tumor growth in RAS-mutant cancer models compared to traditional pathway inhibitors. Early clinical trials, particularly in low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC) and KRAS-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), report encouraging response rates and durable disease control, especially when combined with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors. These findings position avutometinib as a promising targeted therapy for RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies. Its mechanism offers a strategic advantage by overcoming resistance pathways that have historically limited MAPK-targeted therapies. Continued investigation into biomarker-driven patient selection and rational combination regimens is warranted to fully realize the clinical potential of avutometinib across diverse tumor types.

Mucoadhesion has emerged as a promising and versatile approach in site-specific and targeted drug delivery, offering significant advantages over conventional dosage forms. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are designed to adhere to mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal tract, buccal cavity, nasal mucosa, ocular surface, vaginal, and rectal tissues, thereby prolonging the residence time of the formulation at the site of absorption. This prolonged contact enhances drug localization, improves bioavailability, and enables controlled and sustained drug release while minimizing systemic side effects. The mechanism of mucoadhesion involves complex physicochemical interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, polymer chain interpenetration, and wetting phenomena between the polymer and mucus layer. Advances in polymer science have led to the development of a wide range of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic mucoadhesive polymers, such as chitosan, carbopol, polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose derivatives, which can be tailored to achieve desired adhesive strength and release profiles. Mucoadhesive systems play a crucial role in targeted drug delivery by bypassing first-pass metabolism, reducing dosing frequency, and improving patient compliance. Furthermore, integration of mucoadhesion with novel drug delivery platforms, including nanoparticles, microspheres, hydrogels, and films, has expanded its application in the delivery of peptides, proteins, vaccines, and anticancer agents. Despite its advantages, challenges such as mucus turnover, variability in mucosal physiology, and formulation stability remain critical considerations. Overall, mucoadhesive drug delivery represents a potential and effective strategy for site-specific and targeted therapy, contributing significantly to improved therapeutic outcomes and the advancement of modern pharmaceutical drug delivery systems.